Tick Surveillance in California, 2005

Vector-Borne Diseases in California, Annual Report 2005, California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section

Tick surveillance

CDHS Vector-Borne Disease Section (VBDS) and collaborating agencies conducted tick surveillance in 17 California counties in 2005. Totals of 1,965 Ixodes pacificus (1,797 adults and 168 nymphs), 782 Dermacentor occidentalis, and 38 Dermacentor variabilis were collected. Nineteen hundred I. pacificus (1,736 adults and 164 nymphs) from 16 counties were tested for Borrelia burgdorferi in two laboratories. Ticks were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Evidence of Borrelia sp. was identified in ticks collected from six counties. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected in 4 of 33 pools by IFA and 12 of 192 pools by PCR.

The U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine tested by PCR 1,618 I. pacificus. Any ticks initially positive for the genus Borrelia were tested by an additional PCR assay using primers specific to B. burgdorferi. Borrelia sp. spirochetes detected in tick pools from Placer (1), Shasta (1), Trinity (1), Tuolumne (1) Counties did not match the genetic sequence for B. burgdorferi. These isolates most closely resembled B. miyamotoi, a Borrelia species in the RF genetic complex. Borrelia miyamotoi is not known to be pathogenic to humans.

A study of the ecology of I. pacificus in southern California, initiated in 2001, continued in 2005. VBDS and collaborating agencies (Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles West Vector Control District, and Riverside County Department of Health) monitored tick populations and collected questing ticks from six sites at three different geographic locales (Griffith Park, Santa Monica Mountains, and San Jacinto Mountains). Meterological factors, including rainfall and humidity, were simultaneously monitored. These data on tick populations, meterological factors, infections with B. burgdorferi, and molecular characterization of Borrelia spp. from ticks will continue to be collected to gain a better understanding of the ecology of I. pacificus ticks and B. burgdorferi in southern California.

Local surveillance was conducted in San Mateo County for Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In June, CDHS and San Mateo County Mosquito Abatement District personnel collected 320 D. occidentalis and 27 D. variabilis. All ticks were tested by PCR for R. rickettsii by CDHS, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory; all tested negative. In addition, 120 Rhipicephalus sanguineus were collected from Riverside County. Of 62 ticks tested by PCR at the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, CDC, R. rickettsii was detected in one adult male R. sanguineus.

In June, CDHS collected 362 D. occidentalis and 5 D. variabilis in Tilden Regional Park, located in Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, as part of a continuing investigation of two human cases of tularemia in 2004. Ticks were tested for Francisella tularensis in 39 pools by PCR at DVBID CDC; all pools tested negative.

Tick-Borne Disease Surveillance in California, 2005

Vector-Borne Diseases in California, Annual Report 2005, California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section

Human disease surveillance

Lyme disease

A total of 94 cases of Lyme disease were reported to the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) in 2005. Case-patients were residents of 26 counties. Humboldt County reported the most cases (11). Reported incidence was highest in Trinity County at 23 cases per 100,000 residents. Of 44 cases for whom county of likely exposure was reported, 32 had exposure outside their county of residence; 28 of these reported exposure outside California. The most frequently reported location of exposure was Massachusetts (eight cases).

The median age of reported Lyme disease cases was 43 years (range, 3 to 78 years) and 51 (54%) were female. Of 79 cases for which race was reported, 74 (94%) were white, 3 were Native American, and 1 each was Asian and Black. Erythema migrans (EM) was identified in 59 (63%) cases. Of 51 cases with EM for which date of illness onset was reported, 36 (71%) occurred between May and August.

Tick-borne relapsing fever

Five cases of tick-borne relapsing fever (RF) were reported to CDHS in 2005. Case-patients were residents of three counties (El Dorado, Humboldt, Santa Cruz) and ranged from 6 to 58 years old. Four case-patients were likely infected in the greater Lake Tahoe area; one case-patient was likely infected while visiting a private cabin in Lassen County. One case had onset of illness in April, while the remaining four had onset in late July and August.

CDHS collaborated with the El Dorado County Departments of Health and Environmental Management, the Nevada State Health Division, and the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to investigate two cases of RF with unusually severe clinical courses. A 46-year-old woman from Nevada and a 43-year-old woman from El Dorado County both developed RF between February and April that progressed to severe respiratory distress and extended hospitalizations. Both patients eventually recovered. Both case-patients had a history of travel to or residence in the Lake Tahoe area. Preliminary investigation of the California case’s residence revealed live and dead mice in the garage, as well as live chipmunks in and around the house. One engorged Ornithodoros sp. tick was discovered in the bedroom. Several Ornithodoros ticks were also recovered from rodent and bird nests removed from underneath the building’s exterior siding.

Reported Lyme Disease Cases by County of Residence, California, 1996-2005

Vector-Borne Diseases in California, Annual Report 2005, California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section

Reported Lyme disease cases by county of residence,
California, 1996-2005.
                                                      Incidence/
                                                      100,000
County        '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 person-yrs
Alameda         2   3   6   3   4   3   5   1   0   5   0.22
Alpine          0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.00
Amador          0   0   0   1   0   1   0   0   0   0   0.57
Butte           4  53  13  18   3   1   3   2   2   0   4.84
Calaveras       0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0.25
Colusa          0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.00
Contra Costa    1   6   2   1   1   5   3   4   0   4   0.28
Del Norte       0   1   0   1   0   0   2   0   0   0   1.44
El Dorado       0   3   2   1   0   0   0   0   3   3   0.75
Fresno          1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0.02
Glenn           0   2   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   1.50
Humboldt        5  19  20  14  10   4   4   5   7  11   7.80
Imperial        0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.07
Inyo            0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0.55
Kern            1   2   2   2   2   0   2   1   0   2   0.21
Kings           0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.00
Lake            0   1   2   1   0   1   0   1   1   1   1.36
Lassen          0   2   1   2   0   0   2   0   0   0   2.04
Los Angeles     2   6   3   7   2   9   6   7   2   9   0.05
Madera          0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.08
Marin           0   4   8   4   3   1   4   4   0   1   1.25
Mariposa        0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   1   0   1.17
Mendocino       3   2  16   8   7   4  11   6   2   0   6.90
Merced          0   2   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0.19
Modoc           0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.00
Mono            1   0   0   1   0   0   0   3   1   0   4.67
Monterey        0   2   1   2   1   0   5   1   1   0   0.32
Napa            1   3   0   2   2   3   3   0   1   1   1.28
Nevada          2   1   4   5   9   6   3   4   1   3   4.12
Orange          0   0   1   2   3   0   3   2   0   1   0.04
Placer          0   5   4   2   1   4   3   0   2   2   0.92
Plumas          3   0   2   1   0   1   0   0   0   0   3.37
Riverside       1   0   0   0   3   2   1   2   1   4   0.09
Sacramento      0   5   1   1   3   4   1   4   2   6   0.22
San Benito      0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0.37
San Bernardino  0   0   0   1   1   0   0   2   0   0   0.02
San Diego       5   4   0  16   9   3   7   2   4   8   0.20
San Francisco   4   1   7   1   2   3   3   3   1   7   0.42
San Joaquin     1   2   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.05
San Luis Obispo 1   0   1   1   1   0   0   0   0   1   0.20
San Mateo       2   3   4   4   2   4   4   5   1   4   0.46
Santa Barbara   1   1   3   0   0   1   2   2   2   0   0.30
Santa Clara     2   4   6   2   2   2   6   4   0   2   0.18
Santa Cruz      2   2   2   2   5   9   1   8   3   0   1.32
Shasta          1   0   2   0   0   2   1   0   2   2   0.61
Sierra          0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.00
Siskiyou        0   1   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0.89
Solano          0   0   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0.05
Sonoma         13  10  15  14   8   6   4   9   2   9   1.95
Stanislaus      3   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   1   0.16
Sutter          0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0.38
Tehama          0   1   1   0   2   0   0   0   0   0   0.72
Trinity         1   0   1  13   1   1   1   1   3   3  19.23
Tulare          1   0   1   1   0   2   0   2   0   0   0.19
Tuolumne        1   0   0   0   0   2   1   0   0   1   0.91
Vetura          0   0   2   1   2   2   1   1   2   1   0.16
Yolo            0   0   0   0   0   0   2   0   1   0   0.18
Yuba            0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0.33
Total          65 154 135 139  96  92  97  86  48  94   0.30

Tick-Borne Disease Surveillance in California, 2004

Vector-Borne Diseases in California, Annual Report 2004, California Department of Health Services, Vector-Borne Disease Section

Human disease surveillance

Lyme disease

Fifty-two cases of Lyme disease were reported to the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) in 2004. Case-patients were residents of 24 counties. Humboldt County reported the most cases (8) and incidence was highest in Trinity County at 23 cases per 100,000 residents. Of 32 cases for whom site of likely exposure was reported, 12 (37.5%) had exposure outside of their county of residence; 7 (22%) of these reported exposure outside California. The most frequently reported location of exposure was Humboldt County (9 cases).

The median age of reported Lyme disease cases was 32 years (range, 3 to 80 years) and 31 (60%) were male. Race was reported as white for 47 (91%) cases, Asian for 3, black for 1, and unknown for 1 case. Erythema migrans (EM) was identified in 23 (44%) cases. Of 22 cases with EM for which date of illness onset was reported, 13 (59%) occurred between May and August.

Anaplasmosis

Two cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA, formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) were reported to CDHS in 2004. In June, a 53-year-old female resident of Alameda County developed high fever (104 degrees F), headache, malaise, and rash. The CDHS Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (VRDL) detected antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum (IgM > 1:40, IgG > 1:1024) in a serum specimen collected approximately four weeks after onset. The patient recovered without specific treatment.

The patient reported removing an attached tick from her back at least 12 hours after hiking in Tilden Park, Alameda County. In July 2004, CDHS staff conducted surveillance for ticks at Tilden Park. One Ixodes pacificus adult female tick was recovered and tested negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to A. phagocytophilum at the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine - West at Fort Lewis Washington (USACHPPM). Although A. phagocytophilum were detected by PCR in I. pacificus collected from Alameda County in 1996, this was the first HGA case reported from this county.

A second case of anaplasmosis was reported in a male resident of San Mateo County. The case-patient had onset of illness in December following a tick bite he received in New Jersey.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

One case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) was reported to CDHS in 2004. In June, a 52-year-old male resident of San Mateo County presented to an emergency room with fever (101 degrees F - 104 degrees F), lethargy, altered consciousness, and hallucinations. The patient was hospitalized and three days later developed a macular rash that began on the palms and soles and expanded to the upper limbs and trunk. Despite initiation of antibiotic treatment, the patient remained comatose with encephalitis for four days. The patient eventually improved and was discharged from the hospital 13 days after admission. The VRDL detected a significant rise in IgG titer to Rickettsia rickettsii between acute (1:4096) and convalescent (1:16,384) sera collected approximately seven and seventeen days after onset, respectively. The patient reported travel and camping in Marin and San Mateo Counties in May and June; he had observed ticks but did not recall a specific bite. Staff of Marin-Sonoma Mosquito and Vector Control District and the CDHS Vector-Borne Disease Section (VBDS) collected three male and one female Dermacentor occidentalis ticks from the Marin County site in July. VBDS and staff from the San Mateo County Mosquito Abatement District collected four male and two female D. occidentalis, three male, six female, and one nymphal D. variabilis, and one female and five nymphal I. pacificus from two sites in San Mateo County in July. The USACHPPM reported detecting by PCR Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia in two D. occidentalis from Marin County and one D. variabilis from San Mateo County.

Tularemia

Three cases of tularemia were reported to CDHS in 2004, two of which were likely acquired through a tick bite. In late May, a ten-year-old male resident of Contra Costa County developed cervical lymphadenitis. He was initially treated as an outpatient but did not improve. The CDHS Microbial Disease Laboratory (MDL) cultured Francisella tularensis (Type A) from a lymph node aspirate obtained approximately five weeks after onset. In late June, a five-year-old male resident of Alameda County had similar onset of fever and cevical lymphadenitis. The MDL isolated F. tularensis (Type B) from a lymph node culture in July from the Alameda patient. Both patients recovered following short hospitalizations.

The Alameda case-patient had camped in San Mateo County about five days prior to oneset and had visited Tilden Park in Alameda County about 10 days earlier. The Contra Costa case-patient also walked trails in Tilden Park in the week prior to onset. Neither patient had any contact with rabbits or other wild animals. Both case-patients reported tick bites to their face or head about three days prior to onset of illness. The tick from the Alameda case was retained and later identified by CDHS staff as an adult D. variabilis.

In July, CDHS conducted surveillance for ticks at the Tilden Park and San Mateo locations. Forty D. occidentalis were collected from Tilden Park and 16 D. occidentalis and 87 D. variabilis from the San Mateo location. Ticks were submitted to the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for culture and PCR. F. tularensis (Type B) was identified in the tick recovered from the Alameda patient; all ticks collected in the field were negative.

Tick-borne relapsing fever

Six cases of tick-borne relapsing fever were reported to CDHS in 2004. Case-patients were residents of five counties (Contra Costa, El Dorado, Madera, San Mateo, and Santa Clara) and ranged from 8 to 49-years-old. Five case-patients were likely infected while visiting the western Sierra Nevada; exposure information was unavailable for one case.